The Mind Body Problem A Philosophical Dilemma Essay

The mind-body problem is a philosophical dilemma that has perplexed philosophers, scientists, and students alike since the time of Renà © Descartes. Simply stated, the mind-body problem is: what is the relationship between the mind and body? However, the mind-body problem is not simple at all because from the simply stated question above, numerous other questions abound such as: does the mental impact the physical? How does the mental impact the physical? What are mental and physical properties? Currently, there is not one decisive, well accepted answer to the mind-body problem, but there are several philosophical views that have emerged due to it. First, the materialist view explains that â€Å"despite appearances to the contrary, mental states are just physical states†(Robinson). A materialist believes that only material substances exist, and so there is no interaction between the mind and the body because all reality is material. There isn’t any mental properties to a materialist. Furthermore, they also believe that since there isn’t any interaction between the mind and body, there isn’t any mind-body problem. Second, the idealist view explains that material substances are never perceived, but the properties and qualities of material substances are perceived through empiricism. So according to an idealist, only the perceptions of substances or mental properties exists in reality because we obtain knowledge through sense-experience (Lyngzeidetson). Finally, the dualist believesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Kamala Das s Projection Of Self Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesTension and Moral Dilemma occupies an important place, position and appears to be the kernel of Kamala Das’s poetry. Kamala Das’s projection of self is the projection of tension and dilemma in her life. Her projection is biological, psychological, philosophical, confessional, self-expressive, self-recordative, self-explorative and self-realised. 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What really happens, our key thought processes, as Churchland states, when attempting to solve moral (and most other) problems is constraint satisfaction; a formRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccinations1372 Words   |  6 PagesVaccinations have proven time and time again to be an effective form of preventive medicine, but in recent research it has been associated with serious developmental problems. The controversy over whether childhood vaccines are actually the cause of these development issues has been an ongoing debate for 2 centuries and is even more prominent in society now as more research is becoming available to the public, even if some of it says there is no link b etween the two. Parents and guardians now alsoRead MoreUsing Strawson s Arguments About The Numerical And Identity Problems1513 Words   |  7 Pagesto define person and what I mean by Cartesian. Secondly, I am going to use Strawson’s arguments about the numerical and identity problems. Thirdly I am going to show that someone who believes that we our more sure of our mental existence is led to a dilemma. These arguments are to make the point that our minds and bodies are the same thing, because if our minds and bodies are different aspects of the same thing then it makes no sense to be more or less certain of the existence of one or the other.Read MoreA Treatise Concerning The Principles Of Human Knowledge1368 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Esse est percipi†. To be is to perceive, and to exist and to be perceived are one and the same. In the philosophical work of â€Å"A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge†, this one of the most famous principles which made Bishop George Berkeley one of the early modern period’s most acclaimed polymaths. Berkeley was a Bishop closely affiliated to the Anglican Church and a staunch critic of other philosophers of the past such as Rene Descartes and John Locke. Though initially impressed

Film Critique, Why Did I Get Married 2 - 1914 Words

Why Did I Get Married? Efrem Terrell ENG 225 Intro to Film Professor Nelly Aguilar April 22, 2012 Why Did I Get Married Released in 2007 by Lions Gate Entertainment Corporation, the film Why Did I Get Married? is a comedy and drama that was written, produced, and directed by screen and playwright, Tyler Perry. Depicting the trials and tribulations of marriage, Why Did I Get Married? Was a hit at the box office earning $55,862,886 worldwide (Perry, 2007). Along with several other films and stage productions written and directed by Tyler Perry, the success of Why Did I Get Married? may be credited to Perry’s expertise in film directing, digital musical selections, and humorous†¦show more content†¦The recurring theme that is raised in Tyler Perry’s film Why Did I Get Married? Is â€Å"Can These Marriages Survive?† The infidelity of two husbands leads to the discussion of the â€Å"80/20 Rule.† The rule simply implies that within a marriage, most people only receive eighty-percent of what the y want and need from their partners, leading them to go outside of their relationship in an effort to find what they think they are missing. Usually, it’s not until the spouse has stepped out the relationship that they realize that now only twenty-percent of their needs are being met. At this point, they have left their eighty for their twenty, which is a significant downgrade. Watching a Tyler Perry movie is a strange and ecstatic experience, Perry’s desire for shenanigans, inanity and heightened emotions always makes for an entertaining evening, but his films are in a strange in-between space: between melodrama and traditional drama, between alternative cinema and Hollywood style, and between black authenticity and pure elitism. Through it all, what vexes film scholars especially critics, is how style, content, auteurism and culture clash and miss each other in Tyler Perry’s films. Still Perry is one of a handful of black filmmakers- including Antoine Fuqua, John Singleton, Spike Lee, and Lee Daniels, whom can all actually raise money for wide release films. Perry films are primarily ways to talk aboutShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Tempest 2603 Words   |  11 Pagesmother. Shakespeare had married Anne Hathaway in 1582. They had three children, Judith, Hamnet, and Susanna. There are no living descendants of Shakespeare.1 Critic Stephen Orgel brings up the issue of the family on Shakespeare?s work. He states that there is a sense of illegitimacy in the family. ?He lived in a society without contraceptives, ? we must assume ? that there were other children. ? Orgel continues this in his critique ?Prospero?s Wife.? 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CGT & FBT Tax Case Deductible Business Employee

Question: Describe about the CGT FBT Tax Case for Deductible Business Employee. Answer: Case Study 1: Capital Gain Tax Liability Of Fred Capital gain tax concept is no different in Australia. Each and every person who hold capital assets and later on earns money from the sale of the assets, it to be assumed as the capital gain tax. Here in the following, the fact is written regarding computation of capital gain tax. According to Australian Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997, CGT is the differences between sales prices of the property and reduced by less purchase price and any other cost thereof and also any money spend towards renovation or further development of the property. A capital asset can be held for the period of 12 months and if it is sold in the later date, it would be considered as the capital assets and the proceeds from the sale reduced by the expenditure and purchase price would be considered as the capital gain. The capital asset which was the sole property of the owner used as residence and dwelling place, where at the address of the property, the name off the owner is listed in the electoral roll, then the property will not be considered as the capital asset for calculation of CGT and the tax will be exempt (Ato, 2016). Fred is an Australian Citizen and holds a property Blue Mountains. The property is a holiday home. After buying the property, he spent some money for the development of the property and in later on Fred sold his property at $ 800,000. During the sale of the property he incurred following costs-- Legal fees of $ 1,100 (with GST). Real estate agents commission $ 9,900 (with GST). When Fred purchased the holiday home in March, 1987 for $ 100,000 he also incurred some of the expenses as following; $ 2,000 for stamp duty. $ 1,000 for legal fees. Later Fred added garage for $ 20,000 in the property. He incurred $ 10,000 for shares sold last year carried forward capital loss The property is being used for more than 12 months and indexation can only be used for the property which is acquired on or before on 21September 1999. In most of the cases it is been seen that indexation is lesser helpful in terms of CGT savings benefit than discount method of calculation of capital gain tax. The use of the discount method would be more appropriate rather than using the indexsation; the benefit would be higher in terms of savings money. CGT is not applicable for residence property (Ato, 2016). Methods used for Capital Gains calculation: Basic cost of sales to be deducted from the dale price. Then other cost incurred in relation to the sale of the property will be deducted from the sale price like costs of advertising or marketing, fees of the lawyer, search fees, convincing kit. All the costs incurred in relation to the sale of the property will be allowed to be deducted apart from brokerage and commission. Indexation has to be done on the purchase price and on the cost of improvement based on the CPI inflation index. Once the owner decides not to take the indexation benefit, he will receive 50% discount on CGT. The capital loss can only be deducted from the CG. Therefore the capital loss incurred by Fred will only be allowed to be deducted from the CG. The calculation of the net capital gain or loss is the major relevance. If the assessee incurred capital loss, he can carry forward the loss for deduction in the future assessment year from the capital gain but in case of gain, the assessee will have to pay tax against the gain (Koulizos, 2016). There is list of the assets which are exempt from the capital gain; Exemptions to CGT There are certain capital assets exempt from the CGT; The main residence of the assessee where he is dwelling. Items of personal purpose valued less than $ 10,000. Electrical items. Household goods. Personal assets are also part of the exception list Building alongside residential home. Company shares. Leasehold properties. Foreign currencies. Any capital asset addition to the dwelling house. Collectables (with certain restrictions) included goods of very personal hobby type items like All antique goods. All coins or medal collections. All stamp of any first day cover collections. Any type of jewellery collection. Any sculptures, paintings, photographs, engraving type items, etc. Personal cars, motorbikes, etc. Assets for which deprecation claimed. Gain from lottery, gambling, etc. Compensation out of any injury, illness, etc. CGT calculation: Fred bought that holiday home and then renovated the property. The capital gain taxation mechanism will be used to ascertain the capital gain tax liability. Using Indexation Sale Proceeds $800,000 Less: Legal Fees $1,100 Actual sale Proceeds $798,900 Less: Purchase Price $100,000 Stamp Duty $2,000 Legal Fees $1,000 $103,000 Improvement Cost $20,000 Index March, 1987 $45 August, 2015 $108 January, 1990 $56 Sale Proceeds $798,900 Less: Index cost of acquisition $245,563 Less: Index cost of Improvement $38,434 Taxable Capital Gain $514,903 Less: Loss on capital gain $10,000 Total taxable capital gain $504,903 Tax on Capital gain Tax on 180000 $54,547 After 180001 to 504903 $146,206 Tax Payable $200,753 Discount Method Tax on 180000 $54,547 Tax on Rest $224,505 Total Tax $279,052 50% Exemption $139,526 Once the owner decides to take the benefit of indexation in terms of capital asset selling; CGT after 20th September, 1985 all documents and transactions details for all assets. The compulsory part of the CGT for at least five years documentation has to be clear(Yahoo, 2016). Case Study 2 : Fringe Benefit Tax The Fringe Benefit is known as the benefits that are being provided to the employee apart from salary and other incentives. Here in this case Periwinkle offered some benefits to its employee Emma. The benefit is a lower interest rate loan and a bathtub half of the market price. The benefits is offered by Periwinkle attracts FBT liability to the company. In ascertaining the fringe benefits certain things need to be ascertained. This is concerned with the benefits that will be given to its employees, Emma being its employee, the company offered some benefits. The benefits given to Emma are as following Car fringe benefits. Car parking fringe benefits. Expense towards car maintenance benefits. Loan fringe benefits. The following facts have been found in relation to the fringe benefits offered to Emma. Periwinkle Pty Ltd manufactures and sells bathtubs. On 1st May, 2015 Periwinkle purchased a car for $ 33,000 (with GST) and gave it to Emma, an employee for official and personal use. Emma spent $ 550 (with GST) for car repair was reimbursed. On 1st September, 2015 Periwinkle provided Emma a loan of $ 500,000 at interest rate of 4.45%. Emma purchased a bathtub at $ 1,300 which is sold in market at $ 2,600 and it costs $ 700 to manufacture it (Ato, 2016). FBT Calculation: Calculate the taxable value of FBT FBT Tax $28,250 Deduction $500000 @4.45% $22,250 $6,000 FBT Benchmark Interest Rate 5.65% The taxable value of the total interest $28,250 according to market rate of 5.65% Less: Interest Paid on $450,000 @ 4.45% $20,025 Total Taxable fringe benefit from loan $8,225 Add: Bathtub Purchase ($2600-$1300) $1,300 Total Taxable fringe benefit $9,525 The car FBT calculation is dependent on some factors and there are factors that need to be understood in relation to ascertainment of the FBT. They are The cars price based statutory formula only if the car is used for personal purpose or official purpose. If the car is used by the employee for the official reasons, there will be no fringe benefit tax levied on the company. The important factor that need to understood that any electronic goods or goods used for official reasons would not be considered as fringe benefits. The cars operating cost paid for the employee is also to be used as the calculation FBT. The long book method important for the calculation of FBT. The target of the assessment includes lowest taxable value of the benefit provided to the employee (Ato, 2016). The exemption to the current benefit calculation as following; Employees if used taxi, utility car or the parcel van less than 9 person. Travel between home and workplace. Travel related to employment related work (Ato, 2016). Car parking fringe benefitthe car parking charges paid by the company is also to be assumed as FBT. Examples are The car is parked during the working hours from 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. for four hours or more The parking employees employment related is not considered as Fringe benefit. The car owned by company or employee but expense like fuel, chauffeur, maintenance cost provided by employer, etc. The car parking place provided the employer. The car is parked near the employees place of work. The car parked one kilometre radius from the commercial parking station (Ato, 2016). Expense payment fringe benefit The employee made and expenditure and later on reimbursement directly to a third party from who employees have taken the service. If expense was related to official work, but it was paid by employer will not be considered as the fringe benefit. Loan fringe benefit The employee was provided loan at no interest or at lower interest while the benchmark interest rate for loan is 5.95% for accounting year ending on 31st March, 2015. If the interest rate is benchmark is to be assumed as fringe benefit. Residual fringe benefits The employees are provided certain fringe benefits which has not been categorised as the fringe benefits will be considered for the purpose of calculation of FBT. There are certain categories mentioned as per FBT Law, such FBT calculation is to be done on the basis of residual fringe benefits. Some examples are like use of private car for business purpose, television or any camera used for any business usage, etc (Ato, 2016). The FBT are used for work like GPS navigation systems, portable printers, laptops, tablets, mobile phones, computer software, tools used by the trade, briefcases, protective gears, etc are not considered as fringe benefit. Here in this case Periwinkle provided certain benefits to Emma as listed below; Periwinkle purchased car for $33,000 (including GST) Periwinkle incurred expenses of $550 (including GST) for minor repairing. According to the problem, expenditures will only be considered as expenses one they are used for personal purpose of employee. Periwinkle can claim the GST credit as it is considered as the business expenditure. Total expenditures are worth of $33,550 (including GST). As the GST amount is not mentioned separately, then the GST will be calculated as =33550/11=$3050. The company will be recipient of GST credit worth of $3050 (Ato, 2016). (b) Emma if had not given $50,000 of the loan amount to her husband for the investment in shares, instead she used that loan amount for investment in shares she would have received FBT exemption (Ato, 2016). $50,0000 used by Emma for Investment in Shares The taxable value of the total interest $28,250 according to market rate of 5.65% Less: Investment in Shares $50.000 @ 5.65% $2,825 Less: Interest Paid on $450,000 @ 4.45% $20,025 Total Taxable fringe benefit from loan $5,400 Add: Bathtub Purchase ($2600-$1300) $1,300 Total Taxable fringe benefit $6,700 References: Ato, 2016. 8.8 Reduction in taxable value where interest would have been deductible to employee. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Loan-and-debt-waiver-fringe-benefits/?page=8 [Accessed 22 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Capital gains tax. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 30 Augustus 2016]. Ato, 2016. Capital gains tax. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Do you need to pay FBT? [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/How-to-calculate-your-FBT/ [Accessed 05 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. FBT exemptions and concessions. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/fbt-exemptions-and-concessions/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. How to calculate your FBT. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/How-to-calculate-your-FBT/ [Accessed 15 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Reduction in taxable value where interest would have been deductible to employee. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Loan-and-debt-waiver-fringe-benefits/?page=8#8_8_Reduction_in_taxable_value_where_interest_would_have_been_deductible_to_employee [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. The indexation method of calculating your capital gain. [Online] www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Calculating-a-capital-gain-or-loss/The-indexation-method-of-calculating-your-capital-gain/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. When you can claim a GST credit. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/business/gst/claiming-gst-credits/when-you-can-claim-a-gst-credit/ [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Work-related items exempt from FBT. [Online] www.ato.gov.au Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/do-you-need-to-pay-fbt-/work-related-items-exempt-from-fbt/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Koulizos, P., 2016. What is Capital Gains Tax? [Online] www.realestate.com.au Available at: https://www.realestate.com.au/advice/what-is-capital-gains-tax/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. Workingin-australia, 2016. Understanding Australian capital gains tax. [Online] www.workingin-australia.com Available at: https://www.workingin-australia.com/money-and-costs/tax/capital-gains#.V-KJ5fl97MU [Accessed 18 September 2016]. Yahoo, 2016. What % rate is capital gains tax in australia? [Online] au.answers.yahoo.com Available at: https://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080209205535AAkTXFh [Accessed 18 September 2016].

Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts Essay Example

Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts Essay Obesity in the United States Organization: Problem/Solution Specific Purpose: I would like for my audience to believe in better eating habits so they can avoid or control obesity. INTRODUCTION l. Attention Getter: According to the Forbes website, 74. 6 percent adults in the world are obese and the United States has the highest rates. II. Relevance: Obesity occurs all throughout the world, and with each passing year the rates are higher. We see obesity everywhere, even here in UTPA. It is getting to the oint where we think it is normal to see a bigger person walking or sitting next to us, but the truth is it is not normal. In fact, obesity is highly dangerous to our health. Ill. Credibility: I have done extensive research on obesity and have found many shocking statistics and facts on this issue. In addition, I have an Aunt suffering from obesity and that led her to having diabetes. IV. Propositional Statement: Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and in the Valley. I propose we encourage ourselves, and the people we love, to have ealthier eating habits so it will help people control or avoid obesity. BODY Point One: The first part of the problem is that obesity is a growing health issue, and many adults and young people are victims of it. A. According to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a cross-sectional telephone survey of no institutionalized adults ages 18 years or older conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of obesity between 1991 and 1998 increased in all 50 states in the United States in both men and women, and across all age groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Obesity Prevention Efforts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Notably, only 4 states had obesity rates of or higher in 1991, but by 1998, 37 states had exceeded that level. The highest prevalence of obesity was found among women of minority groups. B. Data from the Texas Health Institute and Methodist Healthcare Ministries indicates more than 15 million Texans will become obese by 2040 if obesity prevention efforts are not adopted immediately. The report notes that while dramatic obesity increases are noted in all ethnic and age groups, obesity rate increases in young adults have risen more than 10% in Just 7 years. As this population ages, they iseases that accompany obesity, like heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and respiratory ailments. Transition: Texas ranks as the 15th most obese state in the nation, but we do not have to stay that way. Obesity is something we have the power to change. Point Two: The second part of the problem is that many people prefer fattier foods because of the cheaper cost rather than a healthy more expensive meal. A. According to The Lancet, in the U. S. for example, as food has become cheaper during the past several decades, especially foods high in fat and sugar, obesity rates ave risen and obesity rates among the poor, who are more likely to depend on high- fat, high-sugar foods for their meals, are substantially higher than the rates seen in higher income groups. To improve the diets of people on low income, healthy food must be made available and cheap. Instead of promoting sugar and grain production fruits and vegetables should be promoted and more support sh ould be given to programs distributing fruits and vegetables for free to schools and low income groups. B. According to Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter, it used to be that uying fresh, unprocessed foods saved you money as well. Now, however, the cost of more nutritious foods is climbing?even outstripping the rate of inflation. Meanwhile, at least until the latest grocery price spikes, Junk food has been getting cheaper?not good news for a nation with an obesity epidemic. Transition: It is clear obesity is a major problem that needs to be addressed. A solution is desperately needed. Point Three: The solution I propose as I mentioned before is that we encourage ourselves and the people we care for to make healthier eating choices so it will help hem control or avoid obesity. A. Even though it might be a little more costly to buy healthier foods it is better for you, and in the long run, you will not have to spend money going to doctors because you did not pay attention to your eating habits and you will end up saving money. B. It is easier when a couple of us start eating healthy rather than Just by doing it alone. If you influence your friends and family into eating better, it becomes easier because in one of your weak moments, they can help you, and you can help them if it was the other way around. You will also not see your friends or family with fatty foods, and so therefore, you will have fewer temptations. CONCLUSION Transition: In conclusion eating habits among people. II. Solution Summary: I ask you consider my proposed solution to encourage ourselves and others to start eating in healthier ways. In doing this many more people will avoid and control obesity. Ill. Memorable Closing: We must remember, as stated by Bertrand Russell, a British logician and philosopher, There is no need to worry about mere size. We do not necessarily respect a fat man more than a thin man. Sir Isaac Newton was very much smaller than a hippo, but we do not on that account value him less. Works Cited 1. Moldket, A. H. , Serdula, M. K. , Dietz, W. H. , Bowman, B. A. , Marks, J. S. , Koplan, JP. (1999) The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 282: 1519-1522. 2. New Obesity Data Released. Texas Health Institute, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2011 3. The Lancet, volume 364, Issue 9452, pages 2169 2170, 18 December 2004 4. Can You Afford to Eat Right?. Tufts University Health Nutrition Letter May 2008: 4+. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2011.